HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
Material for the Final Examination
LATE CHILDHOOD
I. Characteristics.
II. Cognition (Piaget).
– Concrete Operations.
A. Define operations.
B. Overcoming problems of the Pre-operational stage.
– Socialized speech.
– Disequilibrium.
C. Patterns of decentering.
1. From simple to complex concepts.
a. Definition of conservation tasks.
b. Examples of conservation tasks.
2. From concrete toward abstract understanding.
a. Transitivity.
– Seriation.
b. Family.
III. Personality.
A. Freud.
– Latency period.
– Reaction formation.
B. Erikson.
– Industry versus inferiority.
IV. Intelligence.
A. Two definitions.
B. History.
1. Pre-1900.
2. Post-1900.
a. Binet scales.
– Standardization.
– Mental age.
– Age-scale format.
– Ratio IQ.
– Deviation IQ.
– Derivation and parameters for Binet.
b. Wechsler scales.
– Characteristics:
1'. Three forms.
– WPPSI
– WISC-III
– WAIS-R
2'. Point scale format.
– Factor analysis.
– Subscales.
3'. Parameters for Wechsler.
C. Theories.
1. Nature.
– Arthur Jensen.
a. Data.
– Heritability (h2).
b. Types.
– Level I and Level II intelligence.
2. Nurture.
– Robert Zajonc.
– Family intellectual environment (FIE).
a. Formula for FIE.
b. Three variables.
c. Data.
– One exception.
d. Reason for declining standardized test scores.
e. Advantages of larger families.
ADOLESCENCE
I. Introduction.
A. Characteristics.
B. History.
– Three pieces of legislation.
– G. Stanley Hall, 1904.
II. Cognition.
– Formal operations (Piaget).
A. Abstract thought.
– Definition.
1. Deductive reasoning.
2. Hypothesis testing.
3. Future-directedness.
4. Emotional investment.
5. True creativity.
B. Egocentrism.
1. Daydreaming.
2. Elkind types.
a. Imaginary audience.
b. Personal fable.
III. Personality.
A. Freud.
– Genital stage.
– Two tasks.
1. Rework the family romance.
– Incest taboo.
2. Redirect the libido.
– Narcissism.
– Lieben und arbeiten.
B. Erikson.
– Identity versus role confusion.
1. Moratorium.
2. Peer groups.
3. Rites of passage.
IV. Moral development.
A. Definition.
B. Theories.
1. Nature.
– Altruism.
2. Nurture.
– Hartshorne & May (1928).
3. Interactionism.
a. Piaget.
1'. Heteronomous.
a'. Moral absolutism.
b'. Moral realism.
c'. Immanent justice.
2'. Autonomous.
a'. Fascination with rules.
b'. Overidealism.
b. Kohlberg.
1'. Three stages.
2'. Moral regression.
3'. Gender differences.
– Gilligan
YOUTH
I. Introduction.
A. History.
– Post-industrial revolution.
– Keniston.
B. Unique opportunity.
– Match between self and society.
– Wary probes.
– Fear of stasis.
– Commitment.
II. Erikson.
– Intimacy vs. Isolation.
– Divided function.
ADULTHOOD
I. Erikson.
– Generativity vs. stagnation.
– Love and work.
– Standards for success.
II. Midlife transition.
A. Importance.
B. Biological markers.
1. Menopause.
2. Climacteric.
C. Psycho-social markers.
1. Levinson.
a. Three contributing factors.
1'. Changing biological function.
2'. Sequence of generations.
a'. Peers.
b'. Half-generation.
c'. Full generation.
3'. Evolving careers and enterprises.
b. Culminating event.
OLD AGE
I. Substages.
A. Young-old.
B. Oldest-old.
II. Erikson.
– Ego Integrity vs. Despair.
III. Acceptance of Death.
– Elisabeth Kübler-Ross.
A. Background.
B. Stages:
1. Denial.
2. Anger.
a. Projection.
b. Displacement.
3. Bargaining.
4. Depression.
a. Reactive depression.
b. Preparatory depression.
5. Acceptance.