HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
Material for the Midterm Examination
INTRODUCTION
I. Definition.
A. Science.
B. Systematic Change.
C. Ontogenetic.
D. Behavior.
1. Definition.
2. Types.
3. History.
E. Conception to Death.
II. Causality.
A. Carrier variables.
B. Causal Agents.
1. Nature.
– tabula rasa.
2. Nurture.
3. Interactionism.
– secular trend.
III. Stages of Development.
– Prenatal (conception to birth).
– Neonatal (beginning of the birth process to 48 hours of age).
– Infancy (birth - 2).
– Early Childhood (2 - 5,6).
– Late Childhood (6,7 - 10,11).
– Adolescence (11,12 - 16, 18).
– Youth (18 - 30).
– Adulthood (30 - 65).
– Old Age (65 - Death).
PRENATAL
I. Duration.
II. Conception.
A. Gametes.
1. Types.
a. Ovum.
b. Spermatozoon.
2. Cell division.
a. Mitosis.
b. Meiosis.
B. Zygote.
1. Gender.
2. Sex ratio.
3. Twinning.
a. Monozygotic.
b. Dizygotic.
III. Stages.
A. Germinal.
B. Embryonic.
C. Fetal.
1. Quickening.
2. Learning.
IV. Teratology.
A. Nature.
1. Downs syndrome (trisomy 21).
2. Phenylketonuria (PKU).
3. Erythroblastosis fetalis.
B. Nurture.
1. Teratogens.
2. Principles.
NEONATAL
I. Duration.
II. Preparatory events.
A. Lightening.
B. Braxton-Hicks contractions.
III. Birth process.
A. Labor.
B. Delivery.
C. Afterbirth.
IV. APGAR.
V. Difficulties.
A. Prematurity.
1. Definitions.
a. Duration of pregnancy.
– Full term.
– Age of viability.
b. Birth weight.
2. Problems.
B. Anoxia.
C. Birth trauma.
– Otto Rank.
– Frederick LeBoyer.
VI. Infant states.
A. Definition.
B. Importance.
C. Basic/Wolff States.
1. Sleeping.
a. Wolff states.
b. Patterns.
– autostimulation.
2. Waking.
a. Wolff states.
b. Soothing techniques.
3. Crying.
a. Wolff state.
b. Cry grammar.
INFANCY
I. Characteristics.
II. Learning.
A. Operant conditioning.
B. Imitation learning.
III. Perceptual-motor development.
A. Perceptual development.
1. Smell.
2. Taste.
3. Audition.
a. Pitch.
– Parentese.
b. Spatial orientation.
c. Music.
4. Vision.
a. Acuity.
b. Focus.
c. Depth.
– Visual cliff.
d. Pattern preference.
e. Face recognition.
f. Visual consistencies
– Shape consistency.
– Size consistency.
B. Motor development.
1. Reflexes.
a. Pattern of reflex development.
b. Examples.
2. Random behavior.
a. Importance.
b. Gradients of motor development.
C. Perceptual-motor coordination.
1. Eye-hand coordination.
2. Language.
IV. Cognitive Development.
A. Definition.
B. Jean Piaget.
1. Theory.
a. Genetic epistemologist.
b. Types of Knowledge.
1'. World.
2'. Cultural.
c. Structure.
1'. Scheme.
2'. Stage.
d. Function.
– Adaptation.
1'. Assimilation.
2'. Accommodation.
e. Egocentrism/decentering.
f. Circular reactions.
– Reflexive schemes.
2. Sensorimotor stage.
a. Six substages.
b. Terms.
1'. Object permanence.
2'. Sequential displacements.
3'. Representational thought.
4'. Invisible displacements.
V. Personality.
A. Definition.
B. Sigmund Freud.
1. Theory.
a. Components of the personality.
b. Psychosexual stages.
1'. Libido.
2'. Erogenous zones.
3'. Social constraints.
4'. Fixations.
2. Oral stage.
3. Anal stage.
C. Erik Erikson.
1. Psychosocial stages.
a. Crisis.
– obstacle.
b. Social supports.
2. Trust versus mistrust.
3. Autonomy versus shame/doubt.
EARLY CHILDHOOD
I. Characteristics.
II. Language.
– Noam Chomsky.
– Psycholinguistics.
A. Areas of study.
1. Phonology.
– Phoneme.
2. Semantics.
– Morpheme.
3. Syntactics.
– Sentence.
B. Developmental milestones.
1. Pre-speech.
– Terms.
a. Jargon.
b. Lexicon.
c. Mean Length of Utterance (MLU).
d. Holophrases.
2. True speech.
– Terms.
a. Pivot-open grammar.
b. Telegraphic speech.
III. Personality.
A. Freud.
– Phallic stage.
– Family romance.
– Defense mechanisms.
– Identification.
B. Erikson.
– Initiative versus guilt.
– Divided function.
IV. Cognition.
– Piaget.
– Pre-operations.
a. Egocentrism.
b. Logical deficits.