Introduction
The LINUX environment is text-based, which means you must enter the exact names of commands you want to take place. Each time you press enter in the LINUX environment, you'll receive a prompt. This prompt may differ from person to person, so throughout this tutorial I will use
$ command
to indicate the prompt (given by system) followed by command (typed by you). The LINUX environment is case-sensitive, meaning lowercase alphabetic characters are considered different than their corresponding uppercase alphabetic characters, including within passwords.

Note: Anywhere in the tutorial where you find section#, replace with the course section number in which you are enrolled.

Screenshots may be added in the future.

Logging on to osprey

1. From a UNF machine, run a telnet client to hostname osprey.unf.edu

* SecureShell
2. Enter your osprey userID

* your N number
3. Enter your osprey password
Hit the <Enter> key if the system asks you what terminal type. This means you are accepting the default answer (listed as [vt100]).

Working in the LINUX file system
 

ls, pwd, and cd

1. Type ls to get a listing of the current directory contents

$ ls
* Directory names are shown with a trailing / although it is not part of the name itself. Files do not have a /.
* Executable files (those which can be run as commands) are shown with a trailing * although it is not part of the name. This can be dangerous since the * is also the wildcard meaning "match everything".
2. Type ls -l to get a listing in long view which shows you file sizes, modification dates and times, owner, and permissions

$ ls -l
3. Type pwd to see in what directory of the file system you are currently located

$ pwd
You should still be in your home directory.
4. Change to the public directory (cd) for this class

$ cd /var/public/cop2220/jgaudry
5. Type pwd to see you are now located in that directory

$ pwd
6. Type ls to get a listing of its contents

$ ls
7. Change to the parent directory

$ cd ..
 
8. Type ls to get a listing of its contents

$ ls
9. Change back to your home directory

$ cd
 

mkdir, touch, and wildcards (? and *)
 

10. Make a new directory named tempdir

$ mkdir tempdir
You made it but you didn't enter it yet. You are still in your home directory.
11. Type ls to get a listing of your home directory and you should see the new directory tempdir/

$ ls
12. Change into the new directory

$ cd tempdir
13. Type pwd to see your new location in the file system

$ pwd
14. Type ls to get a listing

$ ls
It should be empty.
15. Make a file called temp using the touch utility

$ touch temp
Touch either creates a nonexistent file or updates the date/timestamp of an existing file
16. Type ls to see the contents of the tempdir

$ ls
and you should see the file temp.
17. Make another directory within tempdir called tempdir

$ mkdir tempdir
18. Type pwd to see your current location in the file system

$ pwd
19. Type ls to see the contents of this directory

$ ls
and it should show you file temp and directory tempdir/.
20. Change to the inner tempdir directory

$ cd tempdir
21. Type pwd to see your current location in the file system

$ pwd
22. Type ls to see the contents of the current directory. It should be empty

$ ls
23. Make four files, temp1 temp2 temp50 and notemp, using the touch utility

$ touch temp1
$ touch temp2
$ touch temp50
$ touch notemp
24. Type ls to see the contents of the current directory

$ ls
and you should see the new files.
25. Use wildcards to see filtered lists

$ ls temp?     should show you temp1 and temp2
$ ls t*        should show you all but notemp
$ ls *         should show you all
26. Type cd with no arguments to change back to your home directory (works from anywhere in the file system)

$ cd
27. Type pwd to see where you are

$ pwd
28. Type ls with an argument to see contents of other directory/file locations, either relative or absolute

$ ls tempdir
Keep in mind you are not in the outer tempdir. You're still in the home directory, but you can see the contents of any directory for which you have permission.
29. Type ls to see the contents of the inner tempdir from your current home directory location

$ ls tempdir/tempdir
30. Change to the inner tempdir

$ cd tempdir/tempdir
31. Type pwd to see your location

$ pwd
32. Type ls to see the contents of the current directory

$ ls
33. Back up to the parent directory

$ cd ..
34. Type pwd to see your location

$ pwd
35. Type ls to see the contents of the current directory

$ ls
 

rm and rmdir
 

36. Try to delete the inner tempdir directory

$ rmdir tempdir
It should tell you that it cannot delete because that directory isn't empty.
37. Type ls to see the contents of the current directory

$ ls
38. From the current location (outer tempdir), delete all files within the inner tempdir

$ rm tempdir/*
BE VERY CAREFUL NEVER TO REMOVE ALL FILES IN CURRENT DIRECTORY ($ rm *) UNLESS YOU ARE ABSOLUTELY SURE OF WHERE YOU ARE LOCATED AND WHAT YOU ARE DOING. YOU MAY ACCIDENTALLY REMOVE OPERATING SYSTEM FILES OR YOUR C SOURCE CODE.
39. Type ls to see the contents of the current directory

$ ls
40. Type ls with an argument to see the contents of the inner tempdir

$ ls tempdir
It should be empty
41. Delete the inner tempdir

$ rmdir tempdir
Works this time.
42. Type ls to see the contents of the current directory

$ ls
43. Back up to the parent directory (the home directory)

$ cd .. or in this case $ cd
44. Type ls to see the contents of the current directory

$ ls
Outer tempdir still exists and is located in the home dir.
 

cp and mv
 

45. Create a new file temp3 in the home dir

$ touch temp3
46. Copy it to the tempdir

$ cp temp3 tempdir
47. Type ls to see the contents of the current directory

$ ls
File temp3 still there.
48. Type ls with an argument to see the contents of the outer (now only) tempdir

$ ls tempdir
File temp3 also there.
49. Copy temp3 from the homedir to the tempdir and give it a new name

$ cp temp3 tempdir/newtemp3
50. Type ls with an argument to see the contents of tempdir

$ ls tempdir
51. Move temp3 to the tempdir and give it a new name

$ mv temp3 tempdir/movedtemp3
52. Type ls to see the contents of the current directory

$ ls
File temp3 is gone
53. Type ls with an argument to see the contents of tempdir

$ ls tempdir
54. Rename a file within tempdir from the home directory

$ mv tempdir/temp3 tempdir/renamed
55. Type ls with an argument to see the contents of tempdir

$ ls tempdir
56. Change into tempdir

$ cd tempdir
57. Type pwd to see your location

$ pwd
58. Type ls to see the contents of the current directory

$ ls
59. Rename a file to an existing filename

$ mv renamed temp
60. Type ls to see the contents of the current directory

$ ls
Shows renamed is gone and temp still there, but actually original temp was deleted and file renamed was changed to filename temp.

Displaying files

1. Copy the file mary.txt from the public directory to your current location (should be tempdir)

$ cp /var/public/cop2220/jgaudry/mary.txt .
2. Make a subdirectory called myfiles

$ mkdir myfiles
3. Copy the file humpty.txt from the public directory to myfiles

$ cp /var/public/cop2220/jgaudry/humpty.txt myfiles
4. Type ls to see the contents of the current directory

$ ls
5. Type ls with an argument to see the contents of myfiles
   $ ls myfiles
6. Display the contents of mary.txt

$ cat mary.txt
7. Display the contents of humpty.txt

$ cat myfiles/humpty.txt
Scrolls off the screen because is bigger than one screen
8. Try again using a different display tool

$ less myfiles/humpty.txt
Use the space bar to see subsequent screens, use the j and k keys to move down and up a line at a time, respectively, use q to quit

Changing permissions

1. Display a listing of the current directory in long form

$ ls -l
Note the permissions on the files and directories
2. Remove all permissions (read, write, and execute) for group and other users to the file mary.txt

$ chmod go-rwx mary.txt
3. Display a listing of the current directory in long form

$ ls -l
4. Display a listing of the myfiles subdirectory in long form

$ ls -l myfiles
5. Remove read permission for group and other on all files/subdirs in myfiles

$ chmod go-r myfiles/*
6. Display a listing of the current directory in long form

$ ls -l
Didn't change the permissions on myfiles itself, just the files/dirs in it
7. Display a listing of the myfiles subdirectory in long form

$ ls -l myfiles
See?
8. Add write permission for other on myfiles

$ chmod o+w myfiles
9. Display a listing of the current directory in long form

$ ls -l
Changed the permissions on myfiles itself...
10. Display a listing of the myfiles subdirectory in long form

$ ls -l myfiles
...but not on its contents

Compiling, testing, and turning in C source electronically

1. Change to the public directory

$ cd /var/public/cop2220/jgaudry
2. Display a listing

$ ls
You should see the files you copied before
3. Copy the file mary.c to your tempdir

$ cp mary.c ~/tempdir OR $ cp mary.c /home/<lastinitial>/<userID>/tempdir
Note the spaces separating command and arguments
4. Change back to your tempdir

$ cd ~/tempdir OR $ cd then $ cd tempdir
5. Display a listing

$ ls
6. Display the contents of the file

$ cat mary.c
It's a C source code file.
7. Compile the source code

$ gcc mary.c
8. Display a listing

$ ls
The compiler created the executable file a.out
9. Run the program to make sure it executes properly

$ ./a.out
It should display the nursery rhyme.
10. Turn in the C source to the assignment description jgaudry.tutorial

$ turnin mary.c jgaudry.tutorial
Note you are NOT turning in the executable, you are turning in the source.
11. Check that you turned it in successfully

$ turnin -c jgaudry.tutorial
12. Display a long listing

$ ls -l
Make sure the byte size of mary.c is the same size as what turnin -c told you was turned in.

Creating a text file (C source code is text)

1. Create a new file using pico

$ pico
Note the commands listed at the bottom of the screen. The ^ symbol means hold down the control key <Ctrl> and press the appropriate letter.
2. Type in some information into the file.
3. Save the file using the command ^O Write Out (hold <Ctrl> and press O).
4. It prompts you for a filename. Type mytext and press <Enter>.
5. Type some more information into the file.
6. Exit pico using the command ^X Exit (hold <Ctrl> and press X).
7. It asks you whether you want to save changes. Type Y for yes (choices listed at bottom).
8. It asks you for the filename and puts mytext in as the default filename. Press <Enter>. You're back at the LINUX prompt.
9. Display a listing

$ ls
and you see your file mytext
10. Display the file

$ cat mytext
11. Edit the file using pico

$ pico mytext
and the editor starts with the file mytext loaded.
12. Exit the editor with the command ^X.

Creating an email message and attaching a file

1. Start the email reader

$ pine
2. At the bottom of the screen, it may ask you whether you want to run a tutorial or move your saved mail to a different name. Answer however you would like.

The main menu should display.
3. To read your new messages, choose I for Inbox (or use the arrow keys).

Anytime you want to go back to the main menu, press M (if you're not in edit mode).
4. Compose a new message by pressing C from the main menu.
   Note the commands listed at the bottom of the screen are similar to pico.
5. Put in jgaudry as the recipient and press <Enter>.
6. Press <Enter> to skip the cc: field
7. To attach a file, use the command ^J Attach.

Then either type the filename (relative path from home directory no matter where current location OR absolute path) or use the command ^T to go to a file listing of your home directory. We'll do the latter.
8. Go to tempdir with the arrow keys and press <Enter>, then go to myfiles with the arrow keys and press <Enter>, then go to humpty.txt and press <Enter> to attach the file.
9. Press <Enter> to skip the Attachment Comment.
   The file is correctly attached to the email.
10. Press <Enter> to move to the Subject line.
11. Type Humpty and press <Enter>
12. Type me a message.
13. Use the command ^X to send (NOTE it is to send, not exit as in pico).
14. Press Y to confirm the send.
15. Press L to view your folder list.
16. Choose sent-mail with the arrow keys and press <Enter>.

Note the last message sent is to me on the current date.
17. Press M to go the main menu.
18. Press Q to quit pine.

You're back at a prompt.

Viewing online help files

1. Get online help for the pwd command

$ man pwd
Man uses the less program to display help files, so press q to quit less.

Cleaning up

1. Display current location

$ pwd
It should be tempdir
2. Remove contents of myfiles

$ rm myfiles/*
3. Remove myfiles directory

$ rmdir myfiles
4. Back up to the parent (the home directory)

$ cd ..     or in this case     $ cd
5. Remove contents of tempdir

$ rm tempdir/*
6. Remove tempdir directory

$ rmdir tempdir

Logging off

1. Log off the system

$ exit