Pine® is an electronic messaging program created and maintained by the Computing & Communications group at the University of Washington. To help support Pine, a starter version of this document was created by C&C in 1997 for Pine 3.96. To meet local needs and conditions, modifications may have been made to either Pine or this document or both by local computer consultants. The local version of this document is maintained by UNF Information Technology Services.

Contents

• About Pine
• About This Document
• Before You Start Pine
• Starting Pine
• Writing a Message in Pine
• Listing, Viewing, Replying to, and Forwarding Messages
• Pine Folders
• Saving a Message
• Deleting a Message
• Using the Address Book
• Printing Messages
• Pine Can Do More
• Guidelines for Using Email
• Quitting Pine and Logging Out
• Back to Manuals

About Pine

Electronic mail (email) allows you to communicate quickly and easily with colleagues on campus and around the world. Pine is a sophisticated, easy-to-use program for Internet news and email that was created at the University of Washington. Pine offers:

• On-screen Menus that free you from memorizing commands -the available options are displayed across the bottom of each screen.
• On-screen Messages that appear when you need a warning or information.
• Online Help for every task.

About This Document

This document should be read at your computer while you use Pine. The text that follows does not document every Pine feature; it summarizes main options and basic guidelines. The best way to learn more about Pine is to explore it on your own. On-screen information and online help show you what to do. Try the different options and-most of all-have fun experimenting.

Note: This document explains features found in Pine version 3.95. If you use a different version or if your system administrator has disabled certain features, some of the instructions will not work.

Before You Start Pine

Before you start Pine, you need to get an account on a computer and log in. For details, see your local computer consultant.

Starting Pine

To start: The details of how to start Pine vary considerably from site to site. (For example, you might select Pine from a menu of choices or type pine as a command at the Unix system prompt.) Consult your local support staff for further information. After starting Pine, the Main Menu screen appears. Each Pine screen has a similar layout: the top line tells you the screen name and additional useful information, below that is the work area (on the Main Menu screen, the work area is a menu of options), then the message/prompt line, and finally the menu of commands.

To quit: When you want to leave Pine, press Q (Quit). For details, see "Quitting Pine and Logging Out".

The Main Menu

The Main Menu lists Pine's main options (see Figure 1). The key or keys you must type to enter your choice is to the left of each option or command name. You can usually type either uppercase or lowercase letters, and you should not press <Return> to enter commands.

From the Main Menu you can choose to read online help, write (compose) and send a message, look at an index of your mail messages, open or maintain your mail folders, update your address book, configure or update Pine, and quit Pine. There are additional options listed at the bottom of the screen as well.

Now that you know how to start Pine, you can explore on your own, or you can browse the rest of this document for a summary of Pine's main features.

Getting Help in Pine

To read the online help, use the Help command at the bottom of each screen. For example, at the Main Menu screen, press ? (Help). Because the help text is context sensitive, you never see all of it at once-only the part that relates to the Pine feature you are using. To exit the online help, press E (Exit Help).

Writing a Message in Pine

To write a message, press C (Compose). You see the Compose Message screen.

In the command menu above, the ^ character is used to indicate the Control key. This character means you must hold down the Control key (written in this document as <Control>) while you press the letter for each command.

Different commands are available to you when your cursor is in different fields on this screen. To see additional commands available when your cursor is in the Message Text field, type <Control>G (Get Help). For example, to move around, use the arrow keys or <Control>N (Next line) and <Control>P (Previous line); to correct typing errors, use <Backspace> or <Delete>.

You might start experimenting in Pine by sending yourself a message. The following section shows you how.

Writing and Sending a Test Message to Yourself

To write and send a test message to yourself:

1. Press C (Compose) to see the Compose Message screen.

2. In the To field, type your email address and press <Return>.

3. In the Cc field, press <Return>.

4. In the Attachment field, press <Return>.

5. In the Subject field, type Test and press <Return>.

6. Below the Message Text line, type This is a test.

If a user Jean Hughes whose userid is jhughes at site art.somewhere.edu were to compose such a test message, the completed screen would look like the following example.

7. To send your message, type <Control>X (Send).

You are asked:

    Send message?

8. Press y (yes) or press <Return>.

The message is sent and a copy is saved to your sent-mail folder. (If you press n (no) the message is not sent, and you can continue to work on it.)

You have just sent a basic message. There are, of course, other options you can use as you compose a message. A few are summarized in the next section, and complete information about options for the Compose Message screen is available in Pine's online help. As you compose a message, you can type <Control>G (Get Help) at any time to see details about your current task.

Hints for Writing a Message

To: In this field, type the email addresses of your recipients. Separate the addresses with commas. When you are finished, press <Return>. Always check the addresses in both the To and the Cc fields for accuracy and completeness before you send a message.

Finding and Formatting Addresses. The best way to get a person's email address is to ask him or her for it. For more information on finding and formatting email addresses on local and remote computers, type <Control>G (Get Help) while your cursor is in the To field.

Using the Address Book. In both the To and the Cc fields, you can enter a person's email address manually, or you can use an entry from your Pine address book. See Using Address Book Entries When Composing Email.

Cc: In this field, type the email addresses of the persons to whom you want to send copies. Separate their addresses with commas. When you are finished, or if you do not want to send any copies, press <Return>.

Attchmnt: This is an advanced Pine feature that allows you to attach files, including word processing documents, spreadsheets, or images that exist on the same computer where you are running Pine. If you do not want to attach a file to your message, press <Return>. For more information, place your cursor in the Attchmnt field, then type <Control>G (Get Help).

Subject: In this field, enter a one-line description of your message. A short, pertinent description is appreciated by recipients, since this is what they see when they scan their index of messages. When finished, press <Return>.

Message Text: Type your message. To move around, use the arrow keys. To delete a character, press <Backspace> or <Delete>. To delete a line, type <Control>K. To justify text, type <Control>J. (To immediately undelete a line or to unjustify text, type <Control>U). To check the spelling, type <Control>T. To see other editing commands, type <Control>G (Get Help).

Hints for Sending a Message

Sending a Message. After your message is composed, type <Control> X, and then press y or press <Return>. Your message is sent and a copy is saved to the sent-mail folder. If a message cannot be delivered, it eventually is returned to you. If you want to re-send a message, you can use the F (Forward) command.

Changing Your Mind. If you change your mind after typing <Control>X to send a message, press n instead of y to continue to work on your message. While you are writing your message, you can type <Control>O (Postpone) to hold your message so you can work on it later, or you can type <Control>C (Cancel) to delete your message entirely. You are asked to confirm whether or not you want to cancel a message.

Listing, Viewing, Replying to, and Forwarding Messages

Pine stores messages that are sent to you in your INBOX folder. Messages remain in your INBOX until you delete them or save them in other folders. (You will learn more about the INBOX and other folders in "Pine Folders".)

Listing Messages

To see a list of the messages you have received in your INBOX folder:

At the Pine Main Menu, press I (Folder Index).

If you have any messages, they are listed as shown in the following example for the user named "jhughes."

See "Moving Between Folders" if you want to list the messages in a folder other than your INBOX.

The selected message is highlighted. The first column on the left is blank, or shows a "+" if the message was sent directly to you (i.e., it is not a copy or from a list).

The second column may be blank, or it may contain:
"N" if the message is new (unread),
"A" if you have answered the message (using the Reply command),
"D" if you have marked the message for deletion. [Note: If you answer a message as well as mark it deleted (in either order), you only see the "D".]

The rest of the columns in the message line show you the message number, date sent, sender, size, and subject. For details, press ? (Help).

Most of the commands you need to handle your messages are visible at the bottom of the screen, and you can press O (OTHER CMDS) to see additional commands that are available. You do not need to see these "other commands" on the screen to use them. That is, you never need to press O as a prefix for any other command.

Viewing a Message

To view a message:

1. At the Folder Index screen, use the arrow keys to highlight the message you want to view.

2. Press V (ViewMsg) or press <Return> to read a selected message.

To see the next message, press N (NextMsg).
To see the previous message, press P (PrevMsg)
To return to the index, press I (Index).

Replying to a Message

To reply to a message that you have selected at the Folder Index screen or that you are viewing:

Press R (Reply).

You are asked whether you want to include the original message in your reply. Also, if the original message was sent to more than one person, you are asked if you want to reply to all recipients. Think carefully before you answer-it may be that you do not want your reply to be sent to more than just the author of the message.
It is always a good idea to check the list of addresses in the To and Cc fields before you send a message to see who will receive it.

Forwarding a Message

To forward a message that you have selected at the Folder Index screen or that you are viewing:

1. Press F (Forward).

A copy of the message opens and the To field is highlighted.

2. Enter the address of your recipient and send the message as usual. Note that you can modify the original message if you wish, for example, to forward only a portion of it or to add a message or notes of your own.

Pine Folders

Messages can quickly accumulate in your INBOX folder. If you use email often, you soon could have hundreds. You need to delete messages you do not want, and you can use folders to organize messages you wish to save. A folder is a collection of one or more messages that are stored (just like the messages in your INBOX) so you can access and manage them.

Organizing Messages With Folders

You can organize your email messages into different folders by topic, correspondent, date, or any other category that is meaningful to you. You can create your own folders, and Pine automatically provides three:

• The INBOX folder-messages sent to you are listed in this folder. When you first start Pine and go to the Folder Index screen, you are looking at the list of messages in your INBOX folder. Every incoming message remains in your INBOX until you delete it or save it in another folder.
• The saved-messages folder-copies of messages you save are stored in this folder unless you save them to other folders you create yourself. See "Saving a Message".
• The sent-mail folder-copies of messages you send are stored in this folder. This is convenient if you cannot remember whether you actually sent a message and want to check, or if you want to send a message again.

Keeping Folders Clean

Messages-whether they are in your INBOX or your other Pine folders-occupy storage space, and your storage space is limited.

• Check your email frequently to see if you have new messages.

Do not keep too many messages in your INBOX folder. A large INBOX reduces performance: it takes longer to display large lists of messages when you start Pine, and it requires more time to move between messages.

Delete your incoming messages right away if you do not want them, or save them to other folders if you do.

• Routinely delete obsolete messages from all of your Pine folders.
• You will get a message via Pine at the end of each month asking you about your sent-mail folders. First it asks you if you want to rename (and thus save) your current sent-mail folder. Then it asks if you want to delete any sent-mail folders (and all the messages they contain) from previous months and the current month. To conserve space, it is a good idea to delete any sent-mail folders you do not want.

Moving Between Folders

When you start Pine and press I (Index) at the Main Menu, you see a list of messages in your INBOX folder. If you want to see the messages in another folder, you need to go to that folder. The following text shows you two ways to go to another folder from nearly anywhere in Pine.

To access your folders and the messages that are stored in them:

1. Press L (ListFldrs). You see the Folder List screen with collections of folders. Typically each collection is shown as in the example below with a "Select Here to See Expanded List" button below each.

2. If it is not already highlighted, use the arrow keys to highlight the
"Select Here to See Expanded List" button below the desired collection (e.g., Folder-collection of mail) and press <Return>.

You see an expanded list of folders, similar to the following, in which your current folder is highlighted.

3. Use the arrow keys to highlight another folder.

4. To see an index of the messages in that folder, press V (ViewFldr) or press <Return>.

[Note: This method of accessing folders uses the Folder List screen, which has a menu of commands that enable you to add, delete, rename folders, etc. If you simply want to move to and list the messages in another folder, try the method below.]

To move most quickly to the index of another folder:

1. From almost anywhere in Pine, press G (GotoFldr). You are prompted for the name of a folder.

[Note: If you have more than one folder collection defined, observe the folder name prompt to make sure it is set for the desired collection. If it is not, type <Control>N (Next Collection) or <Control>P (Prev Collection) to select the desired collection.]

2. Type the folder name.

[Note you can also press <Return> to choose the default folder shown in brackets in the prompt.]

3. Press <Return>. You see the list of messages in the folder.

Deleting a Folder

To delete a folder and all of the messages it contains:

1. Press L (ListFldrs). You see the Folder List screen.

[Note: If you see "Select Here to See Expanded List" on your screen, use the arrow keys to highlight the desired collection (e.g., Folder-collection of mail) and press <Return>.]

You see an expanded list of your folders in which your current folder is highlighted. (When you start Pine, the current folder is your INBOX. You cannot delete your INBOX.)

2. Use the arrow keys to highlight the folder you wish to delete.

3. To delete the entire folder of messages, press D (Delete).

You are asked:

       Really delete "folder"?

4. Press y (yes) if you want to delete the folder and all of its messages.

The folder disappears.
Warning: There is no way to undelete a deleted folder.

Saving a Message

When you save a message, you are given a choice: you can store it in the saved-messages folder, or you can specify another folder.

Once you save a message, the copy in the INBOX folder automatically is marked for deletion so that you only will have one copy. When you quit Pine, you are asked to confirm whether or not you want to expunge the copy from the INBOX folder. To conserve space, it is a good idea to do this.

Saving a Message to the Saved-Messages Folder

To save a message to the saved-messages folder:

1. At the Folder Index screen, use the arrow keys to highlight the message you want to save, or, at the Message Text screen as you view a message:

Press S (Save).

You are asked if you want to save the message to the saved-messages folder or to another folder:

     SAVE to folder in <mail/[]> [saved-messages]:

2. Press <Return> to choose the default folder: [saved-messages].

Pine saves your message, and you see the following:

     [Message # copied to "saved-messages" in <mail/[]> and deleted]

Saving a Message to a Folder You Specify

You will find it useful to create additional folders for storing messages on particular subjects.

To save a message to a folder you specify:

1. At the Folder Index screen, use the arrow keys to highlight the message you want to save or, at the Message Text screen as you view a message:

Press S (Save) to save a message.

You are asked if you want to save it to the saved-messages folder or to another folder:

     SAVE to folder in <mail/[]> [saved-messages]:

2. Type a foldername and press <Return>.

For example, to save a message to a folder named "papers" type papers and press <Return>.

If this is the first time you have named this folder, you see the message:

     Folder "papers" in <mail/[]> doesn't exist. Create?

Press y or press <Return> to create the folder.

Once you have created the folder, or whenever you type the name of a folder that already exists, you see a message like this one:

     [Message # copied to "papers" in <mail/[]> and deleted]

Deleting a Message

You keep your Pine folders clean by routinely deleting messages you do not want. There are two steps to deleting a message: marking it for deletion and then expunging it.

To mark a message you do not want for deletion:

1. Select and open the folder that contains the message you wish to mark for deletion. If you are a Pine beginner, this message is probably in your INBOX folder. If the message you want to mark for deletion is in a folder other than your INBOX, see "Moving Between Folders".

2. At the Folder Index screen, select the message you want to mark for deletion, or simply view the message.

3. Press D (Delete).

If you are looking at the Folder Index screen when you mark a message for deletion, a "D" appears in the left column of the message line, and the next message, if there is one, is selected.

If you are looking at the Message Text screen when you mark a message for deletion, a "DEL" briefly appears in the upper right corner of your screen, you get an on-screen message that the message has been deleted, and the next message, if there is one, appears.

Repeat this process to mark additional messages for deletion.

Undeleting a Message

If you change your mind about a message you have marked for deletion, use the U (Undelete) command to remove the deletion mark any time before you expunge a message. Remember: After you expunge a message, Pine cannot get it back.

Expunging a Message

A message that is marked for deletion remains in Pine until you expunge it. You can expunge a message that is marked for deletion at any time, or you can wait until you quit Pine. Once you have a few messages marked for deletion, you may want to expunge them before you continue to work, because it is easier to look through a folder index that contains fewer messages.

To expunge a message:

[Warning: Once you expunge a message, it is gone. Pine cannot get it back.]

1. At the Folder Index screen, press X (eXpunge). You are asked:

     Expunge # message(s) from "foldername"?

2. Press y (yes) or press <Return>. Messages marked for deletion disappear.

[Note: You will be asked whether you want to expunge messages that are marked for deletion whenever you leave a folder (other than the INBOX) that contains messages marked for deletion, or when you quit your Pine session]

Using the Address Book

As you use email, you build a list of email correspondents. Some of their addresses may be difficult to type or remember. Pine provides an address book to make it easier to handle email addresses. At the Pine Main Menu, press A to see the Address Book screen. You can use the address book to store email addresses for individuals or groups, to create easily remembered "nicknames" for these addresses, and to quickly retrieve an email address when you are composing a message. Here is a sample page from an address book:

There are two ways to set up addresses in your address book; you can add them manually or take them from messages. With either method, you specify nicknames for your correspondents. A single address book entry (or nickname) can point to just one email address, or, it can point to more than one. When it points to more than one, it is called a distribution list. Each distribution list has a nickname, a full name, and a list of addresses. These addresses may be actual addresses, other nicknames in your address book, or other distribution lists.

Adding Single Addresses or Distribution Lists Manually

To add single addresses or distribution lists manually:

1. Have ready the address or addresses you want to add.

2. At the Pine Main Menu, press A (AddrBook). You see the Address Book screen.

[Note: If you need general information about using the Pine address book, this is the best place to get it. Press ? (Help).]

3. Press A (AddNew) and follow the instructions. (Type <Control>G if you specifically need help to add a new address.)

Taking Single Addresses

To take a single address from a message you are viewing or have selected in the index:

1. At the Message Text or the Folder Index screen, press T (TakeAddr).
[Note: The T command is not visible on your screen unless you press O (OTHER CMDS), but you need not see this command to use it.]

You see the Take Address screen.

If there is more than one address to take, you see this message:

     [Single mode: Use "P" or "N" to select desired address]

Use P (Prev), N (Next), or the up and down arrow keys to select the address you want, and press T (Take).

At this point, or, if there is only one address to take, you see this message:

     Enter new or existing nickname (one word and easy to remember):

2. Enter a nickname for your correspondent and press <Return>.

3. Follow the instructions. (Type <Control>G if you need help.)

Taking Multiple Addresses to Build a Distribution List

To take multiple addresses from a message you are viewing or have selected in the index:

1. Press T (TakeAddr).
[Note: The T command is not visible on your screen unless you press O (OTHER CMDS), but you need not see this command to use it.]

You see the Take Address screen and the following message:

     [Single mode: Use "P" or "N" to select desired address]

2. Press L (ListMode).

3. For each address you want to take, use P (Prev), N (Next), or the up and down arrow keys to select it, and then press X (Set/Unset) in the box to its left.

4. Press T (Take). You see the following message:

     Enter new or existing nickname (one word and easy to remember):r

5. Enter a nickname for your list of correspondents and press <Return>.

6. Follow the instructions. (Type <Control>G if you need help.)

Changing a Single Address or a Distribution List

To change a single address or a distribution list:

1. At the Pine Main Menu, press A (Address Book). You see the Address Book screen.

2. Use the arrow keys to select the single address or distribution list you want to change.

3. Press V (View/Edit) and follow the instructions. (Type <Control>G if you need help.)

Using Address Book Entries When Composing Email

When composing a message, at the To or the Cc (Carbon Copy) fields you can enter an email address in any of the following ways:

• Type the entire email address.
• Type a nickname you have set up in the address book.

For example, if your address book looked like the one in Figure 7, you could type the following nickname in the To field:

mu

After you pressed <Return>, Pine would provide the full address for Mu from the address book as follows:

     To: Mu Li <muli@university.edu>

• Select a name from the address book as you compose a message:

Place your cursor in the To or Cc field, then type <Control>T (To AddrBk) and use the arrow keys to highlight the name you want. Press S (Select) or press <Return>.

Printing Messages

Pine provides three options for printing (the one you use depends on the computer and printer you are using), which are explained later in this section. First, see if you can print a message using the following method. If your message prints, you may not need to read about Pine's other printing options.

Printing an Email Message

To print a message:

1. From either the Folder Index screen or the Message Text screen, press % (prYnt). You are asked to confirm your choice.

2. Follow the instructions. (Type <Control>G if you need help.)

If your message prints, fine. If your message does not print, you need to learn about Pine's three options for printing. The following text and Pine's online help may be all you need to print your messages. If you have any questions or need help setting the Pine printing option, you can contact your local computer consultant.

Pine's Printing Options

Pine has three printing options, which are available under the S (Setup) command on Pine's Main Menu screen. Here is a brief description of each.

Printing Using a Printer Attached to PC or Macintosh

By default, Pine assumes you have a desktop computer attached to a printer. If you do, you should be able to print messages using this method. See your local computer consultant if you need help.

Printing Using a Standard Unix Print Command

If you are using a Unix workstation, select this option as your printing method for Pine. Using this option may require setting your "PRINTER" or "LPDEST" environment variable using the standard Unix utilities. See your local computer consultant if you need help.

Printing Using a Personally Selected Print Command

Messages you print will be directed to the appropriate printer by your personally selected command. See your local computer consultant if you need help.

Pine Can Do More

Pine has other useful features that have not been covered in this introductory document. Although originally designed for novice email users, Pine has evolved to support many advanced features. It has become an easy-to-use program for sending, receiving, and filing Internet electronic mail messages and bulletin board (USENET) messages including multimedia attachments. There is also a PC version of Pine for use with IMAP mail servers (for details look on the Web at http://www.imap.org).

If you would like to learn more about Pine:

• Try all of the commands at the bottom of each Pine screen, including the ones that appear when you press O (OTHER CMDS).
• Read Pine's online help. It contains tips to help you at every stage of learning Pine. Read about different functions, even those you don't use yet.
• Explore Pine's other options. To see them, at the Pine Main Menu, press S (Setup). You see a message asking you to choose one of the following tasks:
  P (Printer) to select a printer,
  N (Newpassword) to change your account password,
  C (Config) to allow advanced users to set different Pine configurations
  (there are many Pine commands that are not available by default and
  have to be enabled before you can use them),
  U (Update) to read technical notes, and
  S (Signature) to create an email signature.
• For advanced information, see the online Unix Manual entries for Pine and Pico. In addition, at the Pine Main Menu, press R (RelNotes) to see Pine's release notes.
• If you access the World Wide Web (ask your local computer consultant if you are not sure or need help getting started) visit the Pine Information Center at http://www.washington.edu/pine/
• To report problems with Pine or to make suggestions for improvements, at the Pine Main Menu, press B (Report Bug). If you are unsure which category to choose, select the first option (Send a question to your local support staff).

Your local system managers may have customized Pine to suit specific needs, and they may or may not offer all of Pine's ever-growing set of configuration and personal-preference options. Thus, your local system managers are a good source of information about additional Pine features.

Guidelines for Using Email

Electronic mail is a unique medium of communication. Messages can be replied to or forwarded with speed and ease, and email has the potential to reach a wide audience. These features can also be misused. There are a few basic guidelines for the responsible use of email that can help you avoid common mistakes while you enjoy the full benefits of this technology.

The privacy of an email message cannot be guaranteed. An email message may be forwarded, printed, or permanently stored by any recipient. Email can be misdirected, even when you are careful. Do not put something in an email message that you would not want read by everybody. And if you receive a message intended for someone else, let the sender know.

Email does not show the subtleties of voice or body language. Avoid attempts at irony or sarcasm. The most effective email is short, clear, and relevant. If you receive a message that makes you upset, do not respond immediately, and in any case, avoid "flaming," that is, sending an angry or rude message.

Email Tips

As you use email, keep the following tips in mind:

• Email is easily forwarded to someone else. Although this is convenient, it is not always appropriate. If you are unsure, ask the sender before you forward a message.
• Email replies may go to more people than you realize. When replying to a message be sure to look at the list of recipients, especially addresses of mailing lists, which may redistribute your message to dozens or hundreds of individuals.
• Email can be junk mail, so avoid unnecessary proliferation of messages.
• Email takes up computer space, so delete messages you no longer need.
• The integrity of an email message cannot be guaranteed. If a received message seems out of character for the sender, double-check before taking it seriously.
• Email is meant for informal correspondence as well as scholarly, scientific, and clinical communications. You should not use email for official record purposes where a memo would be required (e.g., personnel actions, organization changes, contracts, and policy statements).
• Email should not be considered private. Confidential information should not be sent by email.

Quitting Pine and Logging Out

To quit Pine:

1. At almost any place in Pine, press Q (Quit). You are asked:

     Really quit pine?

2. Press y (yes) or press <Return> to quit.

It is a good idea to log off your computer whenever you are through with it or when you must leave it unattended.

We hope you find Pine a useful and enjoyable program for electronic mail. Please send any comments you have about Pine or this document to pine@cac.washington.edu

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